Descriptif

CO₂ emissions reduction: substitution paths, CCUS and negative CO₂ emissions

1. Babin, (IFP School – PEC), J.P. Deflandre (IFP School – GE), O. Massol (IFP School – ENM), D. Bossanne (IFP School – PEC)

Eligibility/Pre-requisites: Basic knowledge in:         

- thermodynamics, chemical reaction, distillation, heat exchange

-geosciences

Learning outcomes:  After the course the student should be able to:

- describe the main CO₂ management challenges

- state on the benefit of bio-sourced materials for substitution to the use of fossil fuels

- design the main steps of a Carbon Capture and Storage  project including a focus on the different capture routes   (post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion) and the way to permanently store CO₂ underground (storage site selection and monitoring).

- present the various technologies that have been developed to recover the energy content of low temperature streams, in particular the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and the Kalina cycle.

- restitute the economics issues such as the societal ones, engineers and economists have to deal with for a sustainable deployment of technological solutions to manage anthropogenic carbon emissions by 2050.

COURSE CONTENT

The course is divided in three blocs dedicated to CO₂ substitution paths, and Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage with both technical and economic aspects. It will also refer to the concept of negative CO₂ emissions.

1. CO₂ management introduction, carbon budget towards a sustainable development (J.P. Deflandre)

           - Primary energy demand

           - Constraints on the demand

           - Meeting demand with a decarbonized energy mix

 - CO₂ management

- Societal perception issues

2. CO₂ emissions reduction: fossil fuel feedstock substitution approach (P. Babin)

- Life cycle assessment and carbon neutral  

Renewable feedstock, bio-sourced chemicals and polymers : trends, market analysis, players, stakes, …

Examples of renewable resources based polymers

3. CO₂ emissions reduction: natural gas substitution approach (P. Babin)

           - Biogas diversity

           - Technical constraints (transportation, combustion)

- Carbon neutral

4. CO₂ capture technologies: principle (D. Bossanne)

            - Anthropogenic CO₂ sources, CO₂ capture and energy penalty

- Post-combustion capture technologies

- Pre-combustion capture technologies

- Oxy-combustion capture technologies

5. CO₂ capture technologies: application examples (D. Bossanne)

- Chemical absorption: sizing of a CO₂ absorber

- A phase change solvent for post-combustion CO₂ capture

- Chemical loop combustion, a promising concept with challenging development

6. Energy efficiency: waste heat recovery (D. Bossanne)

- CO₂ capture and waste heat recovery

- Comparison of low temperature waste heat recovery methods

- Waste heat recovery from flue gas: case study

7. CO₂ geological storage part 1 (J.P. Deflandre)

- CO₂ underground: a fact

- CO₂ geological storage options and requirements, analogies and differences with natural gas storage.

- State of art and deployment workflow

- Scientific / technical challenges and bottlenecks (Economics and public perception issues)

8. CO₂ storage part 2 (J.P. Deflandre)

            - Modelling and monitoring issues based on field case examples

            - Mapping CO₂ migration and storage at Sleipner: combining reservoir pressure            modelling and time-lapse seismic interpretation

            - Injection pressure issues at Snohvit and In Salah

            - Validation of pressure reservoir modelling at In Salah (combining reservoir pressure and geomechanical modeling together with site monitoring)

9. The deployment of BECCS/CCS, an economic perspective

           - We adopt a microeconomic perspective and examine the deployment of BECCS/CCS technologies. We show that this problem naturally calls for the application of concepts and notions developed in game theory. We first highlight the conditions needed for the design of adapted policies (i.e., the ones capable to incentivize the adoption of carbon capture capabilities). We then discuss the conditions for the construction of shared, large scale, CO2 transportation and storage infrastructures. Lastly, we analyze the policies that are currently implemented and show how the application of economic theory can provide useful guidance to policymakers, investors and regulators interested in CCS/BECCS.

10. Evaluation

The evaluation is based  on a team project work  including the oral presentation of the project, a 10 to 15-page report and an individual participation mark.

The project can be proposed by the team itself or by the academic team.

Project aims at considering a CO₂ management integrated scenario and it may cover most of the lecturing topics. The project can be limited to a specific regional area considering its own specificities or it can tackle a large scale objective. In all case it may consider both the technical and economic aspects but also the societal ones.

Last but not least, each project presentation is performed in the presence of all the students and will be debate by the whole group. In other words the evaluation first aims at enhancing the debate on managing CO₂ more than delivering a mark. It is fully a pedagogical step of this lecture program.